4.7 - Energy Efficiency

1. Only 10% of energy is transfered from one trophic level to the next

2. These are sometimes shown in Pyramids of Energy.

3. 10% goes to the primary, then 1% goes to the secondary

4. The loses are because the energy is used to move, live, respire and to grow. Sometimes energy cant be digested and is lost in excretion

4.6 Energy and substances in food chains

1. The producer passes energy (chemical) to the primary consumer then soon to the tertiary consumer

2. The organic molecules transfered are Carbohydrates - Proteins - and lipids

3. These molecules soon get passed on from the producer to the tertiary consumer

4. The energy consumed goes into growth, repair and life processes. These molecules are always changed from form to form depending on the animal eating it.

5. The energy is in the bonds between the elements from Carbohydrates, Lipids and proteins

4.5b Food Webs

1. Food webs provide a much better description of the Ecosystem

2. Food Webs allows us to show organisms feeding at different trophic levels

3. Showing that organisms can have multiple predators and multiple prey.

4. This results in the food chain becoming linked

5. We can look for organisms and their prey

4.5a - Food Chains

1. The food chain links together the producer to the primary consumer, the secondary consumer and the tertiary consumer

2. There is only one organism shown at each of the trophic levels

3. You cannot show an organism being an omnivore in a food chain

4. Food Chains show the flow of matter and the flow of energy

4.4 - Trophic levels

1. Different trophic levels refers to the name given to the different feeding levels

2. The producer is something that changes light energy to Chemical energy

3. The primary consumer eats the producer and takes in its chemical energy of the plant and changes it to its own chemical energy

4. The secondary consumer eats the primary consumer and takes in its Chemical energy and turns it into its own

5. The tertiary consumer takes the chemical energy of the secondary consumer and changes it into his own.

6. All organisms eventually die -> They are then eaten by decomposers like bacteria and fungi. This is important because they then change it into nitrates and phosphates.

4.3 - Quadrate Samples

1. the sample has to be random so that it is fair

2. This has to be dome many times to make sure that the results are as accurate as possible

3. A grid system is made on the place

4. The quadrates are placed randomly in the grid

5. Then you have to count the number of the target species in the quadrate

6. 10% of the place should e recorded

7. It should then be put in a graph

8. The number of the species divided by the number of quadrates will give the average No. of that species per meter squared

4.2 Quadrats

1. Quadrats are used to estimate population size within an ecosystem

2. The technique used is called Quadrating

3. Quadrats are square grids that are placed randomly. The person would count how many of the same species are in the same place, he would then estimate

4. This would be repeated several times to get an accurate amount

ECOLOGY - 4.1 Ecosystems

1. In an ecosystem there is different communities of organisms

2. The habitat includes all the Abiotic factors - (Daylight - Temperature - Rainfall - Humidity)

3. Abiotic is are non biological factors

4. Community of organisms is the population of different species and their interaction.

5. Population is the number of individuals of a particular species

6. Species are organisms that reproduce to give fertile offspring