3.19b F1 x F1 Cross

3.19a P1 x P1 Cross

3.18b Genotypes

3.18a Phenotypes

Genetic calculation

3.9b Female Reproductive System

1. Before a pregnancy occurs, the uterus is no larger than an orange - this grows during pregnancy

2. Ovary - meiosis - production of eggs - female gametes

3. Oviducts - carry eggs to the uterus - fertilization takes place there

4. Uterus wall - made of muscles - stretches during pregnancy - contracts during birth

5. Uterus lining - accepts and develops fertilized egg - Embryo goes into the wall

6. Sperm cells enter through the cervix - entrance to the uterus - sperm cells make their way through the oviducts to meet the egg

7. The penis goes into the vagina - sperm collected at top of vagina - makes way to the cervix.

3.9a Male Reproductive System

1. Bladder at the top - Stores urine

2. 2 testis - Carry out the process of meiosis - produces the gamete known as sperm cells

3. Sperm cells are stored in the epididymis

4. The tube from the testis is called the vas deferens - (contracts to move sperm to penis)

5. As the sperm cells move they pass the prostate - This adds 20 - 30% of the volume of semen - containing sugars and being alkaline - neutralize acidic secretions within the vagina

6. The seminal vesicles produce sugar based secretions - alkaline 70% of semen

7 Sperm cells + prostate + seminal vesicles = semen

8. Common tube = the urethra - common tube

9. Urethra carries semen and urine

10. Penis - carries sperm cells into vagina during intercourse

3.12 Amniotic Fluid

1. Developing embryo is protected by amnionic fluid

2. Fluid fills up the uterus

3. Functions - protects the embryo - the fluid (largely water) - cannot be compressed - the fluid absorbs the pressure

4. Meaning that any force applied to the uterus wall, the fluid will absorb the pressure and protects the child

3.11 The Placenta

1. On one side of the uterus wall, is called the placenta

2. When the child is in the uterus - ( water filled environment) - the child cant digest or breathe or excrete.

3. To do these three things, it has an umbilical chord coming from the placenta to the embryo

4. From the embryo, the blood vessel go down through the placenta into the maternal blood vessel

5. The placenta grows out of the developing embryo

6. From the placenta, grows the arteries and veins

7. The placenta grows into the uterus

8. When the mother eats, important minerals and nutrients travel through the blood stream and into the wall of the uterus --> Glucose - amino acids - fats

9. When crossed into the child's blood, they get taken into the child - crossing at the placenta

10. To make this efficient, the placenta has a large surface area and the barrier between the mothers blood and childs blood is very thin

11. Nutrients come from the mother.

12. The child produces molecules that go back through the mothers blood - CO2 and Urea